{"id":4676,"date":"2021-10-06T18:10:48","date_gmt":"2021-10-06T18:10:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/?p=4676"},"modified":"2021-10-06T18:16:46","modified_gmt":"2021-10-06T18:16:46","slug":"%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9f%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%86%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9f%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%86%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%a8\/","title":{"rendered":"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_54_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-65741e0102870\"><span class=\"\"><span style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 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\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9f%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%86%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%a8\/#%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5\" title=\"\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:\">\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9f%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%86%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%a8\/#%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8\" title=\"\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928:\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9f%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%86%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%a8\/#%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8\" title=\"\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938:\">\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9f%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%86%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%a8\/#%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8\" title=\"\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938:\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9f%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%86%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%a8\/#%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8\" title=\"\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938:\">\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9f%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%86%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%a8\/#%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF\" title=\"\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f:\">\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9f%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%86%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%a8\/#%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8\" title=\"\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u093e 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id=\"%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8\"><\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e 28 \u0926\u093f\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0930, 1885 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0925\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u0964 1860 \u0914\u0930 1870 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0908 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\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0938\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948; \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0928\u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940, \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 &#8211; \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0942\u0916\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925!&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8\"><\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>19\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902, \u092e\u0941\u0938\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 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\u092e\u093f\u0932, \u0930\u0942\u0938\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0930\u092a\u0902\u0925\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0948\u091c\u093f\u0928\u0940, \u0917\u0948\u0930\u0940\u092c\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 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\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092a\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0902\u0917\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(2) \u0928\u0935\u091c\u093e\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0940\u092e\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0915\u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u092d \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0915\u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0938\u0928\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(3) \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 1878 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(4) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (1878), \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(5) \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b 21 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0915\u0930 19 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0932\u0902\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0902, 1878 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u092e \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0926\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u0938\u094b\u0938\u093f\u090f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u094b\u0939\u0928 \u0918\u094b\u0937, \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(6) \u0932\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0932\u093f\u091f\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e 1877 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0927\u093f \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0930\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092d\u0942\u0916\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0925\u093e, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092b\u093f\u091c\u0942\u0932\u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0937 \u092a\u0948\u0926\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_1883\"><\/span>\u0907\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092c\u093f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 (1883):<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0915\u0926\u092e\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092e\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f 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\u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092e\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u092f\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0915\u0926\u092e\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092e\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u092f\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0915\u0926\u092e\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092c\u093f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0926\u0930\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0947\u091c \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator aligncenter is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%88%e0%a4%b5-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a7%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%af%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%97\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092f\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d (Uses or Benefits of Biodiversity)<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%88%e0%a4%b5-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a7%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%b0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 (Levels of Biodiversity)<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%af%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a1%e0%a4%b2%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%ac-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0926\u093e\u092c \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 (Distribution of Atmospheric Pressure)<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%94%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a4\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0924 (Cyclones and Anticyclones)<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/0Bzo6Zh29gjNeMkhRc1JuNzJoS28\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u092d\u0942\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/a>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928: \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e 28 \u0926\u093f\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0930, 1885 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0925\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u0964 1860 \u0914\u0930 1870 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 1880 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091b\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0908, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0925\u093e, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0915\u0940 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0940\u0938\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0916\u093f\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":4798,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[365],"tags":[367,370,368,366,369],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923- \u0907\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092c\u093f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u0932\u093f\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928, 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