{"id":6923,"date":"2021-10-30T14:43:37","date_gmt":"2021-10-30T14:43:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/?p=6923"},"modified":"2021-10-30T14:47:18","modified_gmt":"2021-10-30T14:47:18","slug":"maanav-nirmit-paaristhitik-tantr","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/maanav-nirmit-paaristhitik-tantr\/","title":{"rendered":"\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 (Man-Made Ecosystems)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_54_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-64fe19cfe9890\"><span class=\"\"><span style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-64fe19cfe9890\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/maanav-nirmit-paaristhitik-tantr\/#%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0\" title=\"\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930:\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/maanav-nirmit-paaristhitik-tantr\/#%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0\" title=\"\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930:\">\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/maanav-nirmit-paaristhitik-tantr\/#%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3\" title=\"\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923:\">\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0\"><\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923-<\/strong> 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\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0927, \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0936\u092f, \u091d\u0940\u0932\u0947\u0902, \u0928\u0939\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u092e\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u092f \u091f\u0948\u0902\u0915, \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092c \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092e \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0\"><\/span>\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f-<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0947 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\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091a\u0942\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u091c\u0921\u093c\u0940-\u092c\u0942\u091f\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0936\u0941\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094b \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0918\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902-<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f (\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908), \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0921\u0948\u092b\u093f\u0915 (\u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940) \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947, \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0917\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0930\u092a\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928-<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0917\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092b\u0938\u0932 (\u092e\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0915\u0932\u094d\u091a\u0930) \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0916\u0930\u092a\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0930 \u0916\u0947\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0909\u0917 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0936\u0941 \u0906\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u091a\u0941\u0906, \u0928\u0947\u092e\u093e\u091f\u094b\u0921, \u0915\u0943\u0902\u0924\u0915, \u0915\u0940\u091f \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0923\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0918\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0942 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092d\u0947\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e-<\/strong> \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0942\u0916\u093e, \u0915\u0940\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u091c\u092c \u090f\u0915 \u0916\u0947\u0924 (\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3\"><\/span>\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(1) \u0935\u0947 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(2) \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0930\u0916\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(3) \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(4) \u0935\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0924, \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(5) \u0915\u0940\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u091c\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0902 (\u0915\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0947, \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0916\u0930\u092a\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902) \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0940\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u0939\u0930\u0940\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b \u092c\u093e\u0921\u093c \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(6) \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u0916\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(7) \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u092e\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0915\u0932\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(8) \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0916\u0947, \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c, \u0915\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0926\u093e \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(9) \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f-\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0917\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092b\u0938\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(10) \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0908, \u091b\u093f\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(11) \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(12) \u0916\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u0916 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923-\u0915\u0947-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923<\/a><\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f-\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924, \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924, \u092a\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 ; \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator aligncenter is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%88%e0%a4%b5-%e0%a4%ad%e0%a5%82-%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%95-%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092d\u0942-\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 (Biogeochemical Cycles)<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b6%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%94%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%bf\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u092a\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/mahaasaagaron-se-judee-visheshataen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%b7%e0%a4%a3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923 (Marine Pollution)<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%b7%e0%a4%a3-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b5\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0938\u0941\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 (Effect and Control of Eutrophication)<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/iasnotes.co.in\/%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%b2-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%b7%e0%a4%a3-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u091c\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 (Control of Water Pollution)<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/open?id=1DFF1xyR1MUz1Yc2TBVNES2VPa0A0mb9s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930: \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923- \u091c\u0940\u0935\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u090f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924, \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902, \u0935\u0943\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923, \u092c\u093e\u0917, \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0936\u0941 \u092b\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0932\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0927, \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0936\u092f, \u091d\u0940\u0932\u0947\u0902, \u0928\u0939\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u092e\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u092f \u091f\u0948\u0902\u0915, \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092c \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092e \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930: <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6928,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[515,516,517,518,519],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.0 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